A blog and website by Peter Bengtsson
22 May 2020 0 comments Python, MDN
So recently, in MDN, we changed the setting WELCOME_EMAIL_FROM. Seems harmless right? Wrong, it failed horribly in runtime and we didn't notice until it was in production. Here's the traceback:
SMTPSenderRefused: (552, b"5.1.7 The sender's address was syntactically invalid.\n5.1.7 see : http://support.socketlabs.com/kb/84 for more information.", '=?utf-8?q?Janet?=')
(8 additional frame(s) were not displayed)
...
File "newrelic/api/function_trace.py", line 151, in literal_wrapper
return wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
File "django/core/mail/message.py", line 291, in send
return self.get_connection(fail_silently).send_messages([self])
File "django/core/mail/backends/smtp.py", line 110, in send_messages
sent = self._send(message)
File "django/core/mail/backends/smtp.py", line 126, in _send
self.connection.sendmail(from_email, recipients, message.as_bytes(linesep='\r\n'))
File "python3.8/smtplib.py", line 871, in sendmail
raise SMTPSenderRefused(code, resp, from_addr)
SMTPSenderRefused: (552, b"5.1.7 The sender's address was syntactically invalid.\n5.1.7 see : http://support.socketlabs.com/kb/84 for more information.", '=?utf-8?q?Janet?=')
Yikes!
So, to prevent this from happening every again we're putting this check in:
from email.utils import parseaddr
WELCOME_EMAIL_FROM = config("WELCOME_EMAIL_FROM", ...)
# If this fails, SMTP will probably also fail.
assert parseaddr(WELCOME_EMAIL_FROM)[1].count('@') == 1, parseaddr(WELCOME_EMAIL_FROM)
You could go to town even more on this. Perhaps use the email validator within django but for now I'd call that overkill. This is just a decent check before anything gets a chance to go wrong.
19 May 2020 0 comments JavaScript, Node
tl;dr; I wanted to see which is fastest, in Node, Highlight.js or Prism. The result is; they're both plenty fast but
Prism is 9% faster.
The context is all the thousands of little snippets of CSS, HTML, and JavaScript code on MDN.
I first wrote a script that stored almost 9,000 snippets of code. 60% is Javascript and 22% is CSS and rest is HTML.
The mean snippet size was 400 bytes and the median 300 bytes. All ASCII.
Then I wrote three functions:
f1 - opens the snippet, extracts the payload, and saves it in a different place. This measures the baseline for how long the disk I/O read and the disk I/O write takes.f2 - same as f1 but uses const html = Prism.highlight(payload, Prism.languages[name], name); before saving.f3 - same as f1 but uses const html = hljs.highlight(name, payload).value; before saving.
The experiment
You can see the hacky benchmark code here: https://github.com/peterbe/syntax-highlight-node-benchmark/blob/master/index.js
Results
The results are (after running each 12 times each):
f1 0.947s fastest
f2 1.361s 43.6% slower
f3 1.494s 57.7% slower
Memory
In terms of memory usage, Prism maxes heap memory at 60MB (the f1 baseline was 18MB), and Highlight.js maxes heap memory at 60MB too.
Disk space in HTML
Each library produces different HTML. Examples:
Prism
<span class="token selector">.item::after</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">content</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">"This is my content."</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
Highlight.js
<span class="hljs-selector-class">.item</span><span class="hljs-selector-pseudo">::after</span> {
<span class="hljs-attribute">content</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"This is my content."</span>;
}
Yes, not only does it mean they look different, they use up a different amount of disk space when saved. That matters for web performance and also has an impact on build resources.
f1 - baseline "HTML" files amounts to 11.9MB (across 3,025 files)f2 - Prism: 17.6MBf3 - Highlight.js: 13.6MB
Conclusion
Prism is plenty fast for Node. If you're already using Prism, don't worry about having to switch to Highlight.js for added performance.
RAM memory consumption is about the same.
Final HTML from Prism is 30% larger than Highlight.js but when the rendered HTML is included in a full HTML page, the HTML compresses very well because of all the repetition so this is not a good comparison. Or rather, not a lot to worry about.
Well, speed is just one dimension. The features differ too. MDN
already uses Prism but does so in the browser. The ultimate context for this blog post is; the speed if we were to do all the syntax highlighting in the server as a build step.
12 May 2020 0 comments JavaScript, Node
Did you know, if you can create your own new Error instance and attach your own custom properties on that? This can come in very handy when you, from the caller, want to get more structured information from the error without relying on the error message.
// WRONG ⛔️
try {
for (const i of [...Array(10000).keys()]) {
if (Math.random() > 0.999) {
throw new Error(`Failed at ${i}`);
}
}
} catch (err) {
const iteration = parseInt(err.toString().match(/Failed at (\d+)/)[1]);
console.warn(`Made it to ${iteration}`);
}
// RIGHT ✅
try {
for (const i of [...Array(10000).keys()]) {
if (Math.random() > 0.999) {
const failure = new Error(`Failed at ${i}`);
failure.iteration = i;
throw failure;
}
}
} catch (err) {
const iteration = err.iteration;
console.warn(`Made it to ${iteration}`);
}
The above examples are obviously a bit contrived but you have to imagine that whatever code can throw an error might be "far away" from where you deal with errors thrown. For example, imagine you start off a build and you want to get extra information about what the context was. In Python, you use exception classes as a form of natural filtering but JavaScript doesn't have that. Using custom error properties can be a great tool to separate unexpected errors from expected errors.
Bonus - Checking for the custom property
Imagine this refactoring:
try {
for (const i of [...Array(10000).keys()]) {
if (Math.random() > 0.999) {
const failure = new Error(`Failed at ${i}`);
failure.iteration = i;
throw failure;
}
if (Math.random() < 0.001) {
throw new Error("something else is wrong");
}
}
} catch (err) {
const iteration = err.iteration;
console.warn(`Made it to ${iteration}`);
}
With that code it's very possible you'd get Made it to undefined. So here's how you'd make the distinction:
try {
for (const i of [...Array(10000).keys()]) {
if (Math.random() > 0.999) {
const failure = new Error(`Failed at ${i}`);
failure.iteration = i;
throw failure;
}
if (Math.random() < 0.001) {
throw new Error("something else is wrong");
}
}
} catch (err) {
if (err.hasOwnProperty("iteration")) {
const iteration = err.iteration;
console.warn(`Made it to ${iteration}`);
} else {
throw err;
}
}
```
24 April 2020 0 comments Web development, JavaScript, Node
minimalcss requires that you have your HTML in a serving HTTP web page so that puppeteer
can open it to find out the CSS within. Suppose, in your build system, you don't yet really have a server. Well, what you can do is start one on-the-fly and shut it down as soon as you're done.
Suppose you have .html file
First install all the stuff:
yarn add minimalcss http-server
Then run it:
const path = require("path");
const minimalcss = require("minimalcss");
const httpServer = require("http-server");
const HTML_FILE = "index.html"; // THIS IS YOURS
(async () => {
const server = httpServer.createServer({
root: path.dirname(path.resolve(HTML_FILE)),
});
server.listen(8080);
let result;
try {
result = await minimalcss.minimize({
urls: ["http://0.0.0.0:8080/" + HTML_FILE],
});
} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
throw err;
} finally {
server.close();
}
console.log(result.finalCss);
})();
And the index.html file:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<p>Hi @peterbe</p>
</body>
</html>
And the styles.css file:
h1 {
color: red;
}
p,
li {
font-weight: bold;
}
And the output from running that Node script:
p{font-weight:700}It works!
Suppose all you have is the HTML string and the CSS blob(s)
Suppose all you have is a string of HTML and a list of strings of CSS:
const fs = require("fs");
const path = require("path");
const minimalcss = require("minimalcss");
const httpServer = require("http-server");
const HTML_BODY = `
<p>Hi Peterbe</p>
`;
const CSSes = [
`
h1 {
color: red;
}
p,
li {
font-weight: bold;
}
`,
];
(async () => {
const csses = CSSes.map((css, i) => {
fs.writeFileSync(`${i}.css`, css);
return `<link rel="stylesheet" href="${i}.css">`;
});
const html = `<!doctype html><html>
<head>${csses}</head>
<body>${HTML_BODY}</body>
</html>`;
const fp = path.resolve("./index.html");
fs.writeFileSync(fp, html);
const server = httpServer.createServer({
root: path.dirname(fp),
});
server.listen(8080);
let result;
try {
result = await minimalcss.minimize({
urls: ["http://0.0.0.0:8080/" + path.basename(fp)],
});
} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
throw err;
} finally {
server.close();
fs.unlinkSync(fp);
CSSes.forEach((_, i) => fs.unlinkSync(`${i}.css`));
}
console.log(result.finalCss);
})();
Truth be told, you'll need a good pinch of salt to appreciate that example code. It works but most likely, if you're into web performance so much that you're even doing this, your parameters are likely to be more complex.
Suppose you have your own puppeteer instance
In the first example above, minimalcss will create an instance of puppeteer (e.g. const browser = await puppeteer.launch()) but that means you have less control over which version of puppeteer or which parameters you need. Also, if you have to run minimalcss on a bunch of pages it's costly to have to create and destroy puppeteer browser instances repeatedly.
To modify the original example, here's how you use your own instance of puppeteer:
const path = require("path");
+ const puppeteer = require("puppeteer");
const minimalcss = require("minimalcss");
const httpServer = require("http-server");
const HTML_FILE = "index.html"; // THIS IS YOURS
(async () => {
const server = httpServer.createServer({
root: path.dirname(path.resolve(HTML_FILE)),
});
server.listen(8080);
+ const browser = await puppeteer.launch(/* your special options */);
+
let result;
try {
result = await minimalcss.minimize({
urls: ["http://0.0.0.0:8080/" + HTML_FILE],
+ browser,
});
} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
throw err;
} finally {
+ await browser.close();
server.close();
}
console.log(result.finalCss);
})();
Note that this doesn't buy us anything in this particular example. But that's where your imagination comes in!
Conclusion
You can see the code here as a git repo if that helps.
The point is that this might solve some of the chicken-and-egg problem you might have is that you're building your perfect HTML + CSS and you want to perfect it before you ship it.
Note also that there are other ways to run minimalcss other than programmatically. For example, minimalcss-server is minimalcss wrapped in a express server.
Another thing that you might have is that you have multiple .html files that you want to process. The same technique applies but you just need to turn it into a loop and make sure you call server.close()
(and optionally await browser.close()) when you know you've processed the last file. Exercise left to the reader?
15 April 2020 0 comments JavaScript, Node
tl;dr; No need install or require body-parser and it's important to send the right content-type header.
I know Express has great documentation but I'm still confused about how to receive JSON and/or how to test it from curl. A great deal of confusion comes from the fact that, I think, body-parser
used to be a third-party library you had to install yourself to add it to your Express app. You don't. It now gets installed by installing express. E.g.
▶ yarn init -y
▶ yarn add express
▶ ls node_modules/body-parser
HISTORY.md LICENSE README.md index.js lib package.json
Let's work backward. This is how you set up the Express handler:
const express = require("express"); // v4.17.x as of Apr 2020
const app = express();
app.use(express.json());
app.post("/echo", (req, res) => {
res.json(req.body);
});
app.listen(5000);
And, this is how you test it:
▶ curl -XPOST -d '{"foo": "bar"}' -H 'content-type: application/json' localhost:5000/echo
{"foo":"bar"}%That's it. No need to require("body-parser") or anything like that. And make sure you're sending the content-type: application/json in the curl command.
Things that can go wrong
I kept fumbling around on StackOverflow questions and rummaging the Express documentation until I figured out what mistake I kept doing. So, here's a variant of the handler above, but much more verbose:
app.post("/echo", (req, res) => {
if (req.body === undefined) {
throw new Error("express.json middleware not installed");
}
if (!Object.keys(req.body).length) {
// E.g curl -v -XPOST http://localhost:5000/echo
if (!req.get("content-Type")) {
return res.status(400).send("no content-type header\n");
}
// E.g. curl -v -XPOST -d '{"foo": "bar"}' http://localhost:5000/echo
if (!req.get("content-Type").includes("application/json")) {
return res.status(400).send("content-type not application/json\n");
}
// E.g. curl -XPOST -H 'content-type:application/json' http://localhost:5000/echo
return res.status(400).send("no data payload included\n");
}
// At this point 'req.body' is *something*.
// For example, you might want to `console.log(req.body.foo)`
res.json(req.body);
});
How you treat these things is up to you. For example, an empty JSON data might be OK in your application.
I.e. perhaps curl -XPOST -d '{}' -H 'content-type:application/json' http://localhost:5000/echo might be fine.
An important option
express.json() is a piece of middleware. By default, it has a simple mechanism for bothering to do put .body into the request object. The default configuration is as if you'd typed:
app.use(express.json({
type: 'application/json',
}));
(it's actually a bit more complicated than that)
If you're confident that you'll always be sending JSON to this handler, and you don't want to have to force clients to have to specify the application/json Content-Type you can change this to:
app.use(express.json({
type: '*/*',
}));Now you'll find that curl -XPOST -d '{"foo": "bar3"}' localhost:5000/ will work fine.
Instead of curl, let's fetch
This code works the same with node-fetch or browser Fetch API.
fetch("http://localhost:5000/echo", {
method: "post",
body: JSON.stringify({ foo: "bar" }),
headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
})
.then((res) => res.json())
.then((json) => console.log(json));
09 April 2020 0 comments Linux, Nginx
I knew I didn't want to download the sources to nginx to install it on my new Ubuntu 19.10 server because I'll never have the discipline to remember to keep it upgraded. No, I'd rather just run apt update && apt upgrade every now and then.
Why is this so hard?! All I need is the ability to set brotli_static on; in my Nginx config so it'll automatically pick the .br file if it exists on disk.
These instructions
totally helped but here they are specifically for my version (all run as root):
git clone --recursive https://github.com/google/ngx_brotli.git
apt install brotli
apt-get build-dep nginx
# Note the version of which nginx you have installed
nginx -v
# ...which informs which URL to wget
wget https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.17.9.tar.gz
aunpack nginx-1.17.9.tar.gz
nginx -V 2>&1 >/dev/null | grep -o " --.*" | grep -oP .+?(?=--add-dynamic-module)| head -1 > nginx-1.17.9/build_args.txt
cd nginx-1.17.9/
./configure --with-compat $(cat build_args.txt) --add-dynamic-module=../ngx_brotli
make install
cp objs/ngx_http_brotli_filter_module.so /usr/lib/nginx/modules/
chmod 644 /usr/lib/nginx/modules/ngx_http_brotli_filter_module.so
cp objs/ngx_http_brotli_static_module.so /usr/lib/nginx/modules/
chmod 644 /usr/lib/nginx/modules/ngx_http_brotli_static_module.so
ls -l /etc/nginx/modules
Now I can edit my /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
(somewhere near the top) to:
load_module /usr/lib/nginx/modules/ngx_http_brotli_filter_module.so;
load_module /usr/lib/nginx/modules/ngx_http_brotli_static_module.so;
And test that it works:
nginx -t
