18 December 2018 0 comments Python, Web development
Last week, I landed concurrent downloads in hashin. The example was that you do something like...
$ time hashin -r some/requirements.txt --update-all
...and the whole thing takes ~2 seconds even though it that some/requirements.txt
file might contain 50 different packages, and thus 50 different PyPI.org lookups.
Just wanted to point out, this is not unique to use with --update-all. It's for any list of packages. And I want to put some better numbers on that so here goes...
Suppose you want to create a requirements file for every package in the current virtualenv you might do it like this:
# the -e filtering removes locally installed packages from git URLs
$ pip freeze | grep -v '-e ' | xargs hashin -r /tmp/reqs.txt
Before running that I injected a little timer on each pypi.org download. It looked like this:
def get_package_data(package, verbose=False):
url = "https://pypi.org/pypi/%s/json" % package
if verbose:
print(url)
+ t0 = time.time()
content = json.loads(_download(url))
if "releases" not in content:
raise PackageError("package JSON is not sane")
+ t1 = time.time()
+ print(t1 - t0)
I also put a print around the call to pre_download_packages(lookup_memory, specs, verbose=verbose) to see what the "total time" was.
The output looked like this:
▶ pip freeze | grep -v '-e ' | xargs python hashin.py -r /tmp/reqs.txt
0.22896194458007812
0.2900810241699219
0.2814369201660156
0.22658205032348633
0.24882292747497559
0.268247127532959
0.29332590103149414
0.23981380462646484
0.2930259704589844
0.29442572593688965
0.25312376022338867
0.34232664108276367
0.49491214752197266
0.23823285102844238
0.3221290111541748
0.28302812576293945
0.567702054977417
0.3089122772216797
0.5273139476776123
0.31477880477905273
0.6202089786529541
0.28571176528930664
0.24558186531066895
0.5810830593109131
0.5219211578369141
0.23252081871032715
0.4650228023529053
0.6127192974090576
0.6000659465789795
0.30976200103759766
0.44440698623657227
0.3135409355163574
0.638585090637207
0.297544002532959
0.6462509632110596
0.45389699935913086
0.34597206115722656
0.3462028503417969
0.6250648498535156
0.44159507751464844
0.5733060836791992
0.6739277839660645
0.6560370922088623
SUM TOTAL TOOK 0.8481268882751465
If you
sum up all the individual times it would have become 17.3 seconds. It's 43 individual packages and 8 CPUs multiplied by 5 means it had to wait with some before downloading the rest.
Clearly, this works nicely.
12 December 2018 0 comments Linux, MacOSX
I needed this for a project and it has served me pretty well. Let's jump right into it:
# This is elapsed.sh
SECONDS=0
function elapsed()
{
local T=$SECONDS
local D=$((T/60/60/24))
local H=$((T/60/60%24))
local M=$((T/60%60))
local S=$((T%60))
(( $D > 0 )) && printf '%d days ' $D
(( $H > 0 )) && printf '%d hours ' $H
(( $M > 0 )) && printf '%d minutes ' $M
(( $D > 0 || $H > 0 || $M > 0 )) && printf 'and '
printf '%d seconds\n' $S
}
And here's how you use it:
# Assume elapsed.sh to be in the current working directory
source elapsed.sh
echo "Doing some stuff..."
# Imagine it does something slow that
# takes about 3 seconds to complete.
sleep 3
elapsed
echo "Some quick stuff..."
sleep 1
elapsed
echo "Doing some slow stuff..."
sleep 61
elapsed
The output of running that is:
Doing some stuff...
3 seconds
Some quick stuff...
4 seconds
Doing some slow stuff...
1 minutes and 5 seconds
Basically, if you have a bash script that does a bunch of slow things, it having a like of elapsed
there after some blocks of code will print out how long the script has been running.
It's not beautiful but it works.
10 December 2018 2 comments PostgreSQL, MacOSX, Web development
It's weird to do performance analysis of a database you run on your laptop. When testing some app, your local instance probably has 1/1000 the amount of realistic data compared to a production server. Or, you're running a bunch of end-to-end integration tests whose PostgreSQL performance doesn't make sense to measure.
Anyway, if you are doing some performance testing of an app that uses PostgreSQL one great tool to use is pghero. I use it for my side-projects and it gives me such nice insights into slow queries that I'm willing to live with the cost that it is to run it on a production database.
This is more of a brain dump of how I run it locally:
First, you need to edit your postgresql.conf. Even if you used Homebrew to install it, it's not clear where the right config file is. Start psql (on any database) and type this to find out which file is the one:
$ psql kintobench
kintobench=# show config_file;
config_file
-----------------------------------------
/usr/local/var/postgres/postgresql.conf
(1 row)
Now, open /usr/local/var/postgres/postgresql.conf and add the following lines:
# Peterbe: From Pghero's configuration help.
shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_stat_statements'
pg_stat_statements.track = all
Now, to restart the server use:
▶ brew services restart postgresql
Stopping `postgresql`... (might take a while)
==> Successfully stopped `postgresql` (label: homebrew.mxcl.postgresql)
==> Successfully started `postgresql` (label: homebrew.mxcl.postgresql)
The next thing you need is pghero
itself and it's easy to run in docker. So to start, you need Docker for mac installed. You also need to know the database URL. Here's how I ran it:
docker run -ti -e DATABASE_URL=postgres://peterbe:@host.docker.internal:5432/kintobench -p 8080:8080 ankane/pghero
Note the trick of peterbe:@host.docker.internal because I don't use a password but inside the Docker container it doesn't know my terminal username. And the host.docker.internal is so the Docker container can reach the PostgreSQL installed on the host.
Once that starts up you can go to http://localhost:8080 in a browser and see a listing of all the cumulatively slowest queries. There are other cool features in pghero
too that you can immediately benefit from such as hints about unused/redundent database indices.
Hope it helps!
13 November 2018 0 comments Linux, Python
If you don't know it is, hashin is a Python command line tool for updating your requirements file's packages and their hashes for use with pip install. It takes the pain out of figuring out what hashes each package on PyPI has. It also takes the pain out of figuring out what version you can upgrade to.
In the 0.14.0 release (changelog) there are a bunch of new features. The most exciting one is --update-all. Let's go through some of the new features:
Update all (--update-all)
Suppose you want to bravely upgrade all the pinned packages to the latest and greatest. Before version 0.14.0 you'd have to manually open the requirements file and list every single package on the command line:
$ less requirements.txt
$ hashin Django requests Flask cryptography black nltk numpy
With --update-all it's the same thing except it does that reading and copy-n-paste for you:
Particularly nifty is to combine this with --dry-run if you get nervous about that many changes.
Interactive update all (--interactive)
This new flag only makes sense when used together with
--update-all. Used together, it basically reads all packages in the requirements file, and for each one that there is a new version it asks you if you want to update it or skip it:
It looks like this:
$ hashin --update-all --interactive
PACKAGE YOUR VERSION NEW VERSION
Django 2.1.2 2.1.3 ✓
requests 2.20.0 2.20.1 ✘
numpy 1.15.2 1.15.4 ?
Update? [Y/n/a/q/?]:
You can also use the aliases hashin -u -i to do the same thing.
Support for "extras"
If you want to have requests[security] or markus[datadog] in your requirements file, hashin used to
not support that. This now works:
$ hashin "requests[security]"
Before, it would look for a package called verbatim requests[security] on PyPI which obviously doesn't exist. Now, it parses that syntax, makes a lookup for requests and when it's done it puts the extra syntax back into the requirements file.
Thanks Dustin Ingram for pushing for this one!
Atomic writes
Prior to this version, if you typed hashin requests flask numpy nltkay it would go ahead and do one of those packages at a time and effectively open and edit the requirements file as many times as there are packages mentioned. The crux of that is that if you, for example, have a typo (e.g. nltkay instead of nltk) it would crash there and not roll back any of the other writes. It's not a huge harm but it certainly is counter intuitive.
Another place where this matters is with --dry-run. If you specified something like hashin --dry-run requests flask numpy you would get one diff per package and thus repeat the diff header 3 (excessive) times.
The other reason why atomic writes is important is if you use hashin --update-all --interactive and it asks you if you want to update package1, package2, package3, and then you decide "Nah. I don't want any of this. I quit!" it would just do that without updating the requirements file.
Better not-found errors
This was never a problem if you used Python 2.7 but for Python 3.x, if you typoed a package name you'd get a Python exception about the HTTP call and it wasn't obvious that the mistake lies with your input and not the network. Basically, it traps any HTTP errors and if it's 404 it's handled gracefully.
(Internal) Black everything and pytest everything
All source code is now formatted with Black which, albeit imperfect, kills any boring manual review of code style nits. And, it uses therapist to wrap the black checks and fixes.
And all unit tests are now written for pytest. pytest was already the tool used in TravisCI but now all of those self.assertEqual(foo, bar)s have been replaced with assert foo == bar.
04 November 2018 2 comments Python
This is perhaps insanely obvious but it was a measurement I had to do and it might help you too if you use python-jsonschema a lot too.
I have this project which has a migration script that needs to transfer about 1M records from one PostgreSQL database, transform it a bit, validate it, and store it in another PostgreSQL database. The validation step was done like this:
from jsonschema import validate
...
with open(os.path.join(settings.BASE_DIR, "schema.yaml")) as f:
SCHEMA = yaml.load(f)["schema"]
...
class Build(models.Model):
...
@classmethod
def validate_build(cls, build):
validate(build, SCHEMA)
That works fine when you have a slow trickle of these coming in with many seconds or minutes apart. But when you have to do about 1M of them, the speed overhead starts to really matter. Granted, in this context, it's just a migration which is hopefully only done once but it helps that it doesn't take too long since it makes it easier to not have any downtime.
What about python-fastjsonschema?
The name python-fastjsonschema just sounds very appealing but I'm just not sure how mature it is or what the subtle differences are between that and the more established python-jsonschema which I was already using.
It has two ways of using it either...
fastjsonschema.validate(schema, data)
...or...
validator = fastjsonschema.compile(schema)
validator(data)
That got me thinking, why don't I just do that with regular python-jsonschema!
All you need to do is crack open the validate function and you can now re-used one instance for multiple pieces of data:
from jsonschema.validators import validator_for
klass = validator_for(schema)
klass.check_schema(schema) # optional
instance = klass(SCHEMA)
instance.validate(data)
I rewrote my projects code to this:
from jsonschema import validate
...
with open(os.path.join(settings.BASE_DIR, "schema.yaml")) as f:
SCHEMA = yaml.load(f)["schema"]
_validator_class = validator_for(SCHEMA)
_validator_class.check_schema(SCHEMA)
validator = _validator_class(SCHEMA)
...
class Build(models.Model):
...
@classmethod
def validate_build(cls, build):
validator.validate(build)
How do they compare, performance-wise?
Let this simple benchmark code speak for itself:
from buildhub.main.models import Build, SCHEMA
import fastjsonschema
from jsonschema import validate, ValidationError
from jsonschema.validators import validator_for
def f1(qs):
for build in qs:
validate(build.build, SCHEMA)
def f2(qs):
validator = validator_for(SCHEMA)
for build in qs:
validate(build.build, SCHEMA, cls=validator)
def f3(qs):
cls = validator_for(SCHEMA)
cls.check_schema(SCHEMA)
instance = cls(SCHEMA)
for build in qs:
instance.validate(build.build)
def f4(qs):
for build in qs:
fastjsonschema.validate(SCHEMA, build.build)
def f5(qs):
validator = fastjsonschema.compile(SCHEMA)
for build in qs:
validator(build.build)
# Reporting
import time
import statistics
import random
functions = f1, f2, f3, f4, f5
times = {f.__name__: [] for f in functions}
for _ in range(3):
qs = list(Build.objects.all().order_by("?")[:1000])
for func in functions:
t0 = time.time()
func(qs)
t1 = time.time()
times[func.__name__].append((t1 - t0) * 1000)
def f(ms):
return f"{ms:.1f}ms"
for name, numbers in times.items():
print("FUNCTION:", name, "Used", len(numbers), "times")
print("\tBEST ", f(min(numbers)))
print("\tMEDIAN", f(statistics.median(numbers)))
print("\tMEAN ", f(statistics.mean(numbers)))
print("\tSTDEV ", f(statistics.stdev(numbers)))
Basically, 3 times for each of the alternative implementations, do a validation on a 1,000 JSON blobs (technically Python dicts) that is around 1KB, each, in size.
The results:
FUNCTION: f1 Used 3 times
BEST 1247.9ms
MEDIAN 1309.0ms
MEAN 1330.0ms
STDEV 94.5ms
FUNCTION: f2 Used 3 times
BEST 1266.3ms
MEDIAN 1267.5ms
MEAN 1301.1ms
STDEV 59.2ms
FUNCTION: f3 Used 3 times
BEST 125.5ms
MEDIAN 131.1ms
MEAN 133.9ms
STDEV 10.1ms
FUNCTION: f4 Used 3 times
BEST 2032.3ms
MEDIAN 2033.4ms
MEAN 2143.9ms
STDEV 192.3ms
FUNCTION: f5 Used 3 times
BEST 16.7ms
MEDIAN 17.1ms
MEAN 21.0ms
STDEV 7.1msBasically, if you use python-jsonschema and create a reusable instance it's 10 times faster than the "default way". And if you do the same but with python-fastjsonscham it's 100 times faster.
By the way, in version f5 it validated 1,000 1KB records in 16.7ms. That's insanely fast!
02 November 2018 0 comments ReactJS, Javascript
React Hooks isn't here yet but when it comes I'll be all over that, replacing many of my classes with functions.
However, as of React 16.6 there's this awesome new React.memo() thing which is such a neat solution. Why didn't I think of that, myself, sooner?!
Anyway, one of the subtle benefits of it is that writing functions minify a lot better than classes when Babel'ifying your ES6 code.
To test that, I took one of my project's classes, which needed to be "PureComponent":
class ShowAutocompleteSuggestionSong extends React.PureComponent {
render() {
const { song } = this.props;
return (
<div className="media autocomplete-suggestion-song">
<div className="media-left">
<img
className={
song.image && song.image.preview
? 'img-rounded lazyload preview'
: 'img-rounded lazyload'
}
src={
song.image && song.image.preview
? song.image.preview
: placeholderImage
}
data-src={
song.image ? absolutifyUrl(song.image.url) : placeholderImage
}
alt={song.name}
/>
</div>
<div className="media-body">
<h5 className="artist-name">
<b>{song.name}</b>
{' by '}
<span>{song.artist.name}</span>
</h5>
{song.fragments.map((fragment, i) => {
return <p key={i} dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: fragment }} />;
})}
</div>
</div>
);
}
}
Minified it weights 1,893 bytes and looks like this:
Minified PureComponent class
When re-written with React.memo it looks like this:
const ShowAutocompleteSuggestionSong = React.memo(({ song }) => {
return (
<div className="media autocomplete-suggestion-song">
<div className="media-left">
<img
className={
song.image && song.image.preview
? 'img-rounded lazyload preview'
: 'img-rounded lazyload'
}
src={
song.image && song.image.preview
? song.image.preview
: placeholderImage
}
data-src={
song.image ? absolutifyUrl(song.image.url) : placeholderImage
}
alt={song.name}
/>
</div>
<div className="media-body">
<h5 className="artist-name">
<b>{song.name}</b>
{' by '}
<span>{song.artist.name}</span>
</h5>
{song.fragments.map((fragment, i) => {
return <p key={i} dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: fragment }} />;
})}
</div>
</div>
);
});
Minified it weights 783 bytes and looks like this:
Minified React.memo function
Highly scientific measurement. Yeah, I know. (Joking)
Perhaps it's stating the obvious but part of the ES5 code that it generates, from classes can be reused for other classes.
Anyway, it's neat and worth considering to squeeze some bytes out. And the bonus is that it gets you prepared for Hooks in React 16.7.
